History+of+Art+Education

__HISTORY OF AMERICAN ART EDUCATION: A TIME-LINE (1900-2010) __ By W. Keith Brown  Introduction: Composing a history of art education is complex due to its relationship to two major fields of knowledge, visual art and education. Over time, these two disciplines have splintered into various academic taxonomies via diverse cultural and institutional shifts. Since the 1950s, art education has emerged as a discipline within the larger field of visual art to teach visual arts theories, practices, processes, and production methods. In lieu of teaching exclusively for the visual arts, art education, from the 1970s forward, has developed its own critically considered set of pedagogical and theoretical foundations, which investigate the intersection between power, knowledge, artistic experience, shared environments, and society. To my knowledge, a timeline of modern and postmodern art education has never been published, which is why there is such a need to display its many accomplishments and influences. Writing a historical document of any subject is risky, as Michael Foucault warns, the creator of histories has to make great generalizations regarding the significance of events included and excluded, therefore, all histories are suspect and should be regarded as such. It is very possible that certain voices and key events have been left out either by accident and/or poor judgment.

 ART EDUCATION INFLUENCES BEFORE 1900 Plato (427-347 BC.) Philosopher Socrates (469-399 BC.) Philosopher responsible for The Socratic Method in Education  Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) French Education Philosopher John Trumbull (1756-1843) American Academy of the Fine Arts, 1802, became National Academy of Design, 1825, NYC  Charles Wilson Peale (1741-1827), 1807, responsible for Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) Education Reformer during Romanticism Hegel (1770-1831) German Philosopher  Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852), responsible for the Kindergarten Movement Horace Mann (1796-1859) 1840, created Common School Journal Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) 1841, write Essays on Art John White 1870, Drafted the Massachusetts Drawing Act Walter Smith 1872, Required Drawing, Supervisor, Massachusetts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Art Students League of New York, 1874, a breakaway group from the National Academy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Karl Marx (1818-1883) Philosopher <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">William Morris (1834-1896)1885, founded Socialist League <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> John Ruskin (1819-1900) started Liberal Arts Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Edward Mitchell Bannister (1828-1901) 1876 African American Philadelphia Centennial Art winner <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Francis W. Parker (1837-1902) 1885, Talks on Teaching <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> William Torrey Harris (1835-1909) promoted Hegelian Idealism in art & education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Francisco Ferrer (1859-1909) Spanish Anarchist inspired Anarchist Free Schools <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">John Dewey (1859-1952) 1896 opens University of Chicago Laboratory Schools and publishes The School and Society, 1899

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">TIMELINE <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1900-Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1901-Henry T. Bailey publishes School Arts Magazine <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Henry T. Bailey, Fred Hamilton Daniels, and James Hall publish The first edition of The Applied Arts Book, later renamed School Arts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1902-Art Institute of Chicago, acquires The Sketchbooks of the Impressionists for education purposes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1903-Alfred Stieglitz creates Camera Notes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1904-Ernest Fenollosa publishes The Fine Arts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -G. Stanley Hall publishes Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1905-Sigmund Freud publishes Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1907-Maria Montessori writes about The Child's True Normal Nature <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1909-Charles C. Dana starts the field of what is today termed Museum Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1910-Louis Sullivan conducts The Kindergarten Chats <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1912-Franz Cizek holds an exhibition of paintings and woodcuts by his students in Great Britain to raise money for his Juvenile Art Class <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Alfred Stieglitz opens an exhibition in his New York 291 gallery displaying artwork from children ages 2 to 13 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1913-Arthur Wesley Dow publishes Composition: A Series of Exercises in Art Structure for the Use of Students and Teachers. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1915-Heinrich Wolfflin publishes his book The Principles of Art History <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1916-Zurich, Switzerland, Dadaists begin collaborating at Cabaret Voltaire (their work influences all things Art related) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1917-Smith-Hughes National Vocational Education Act of 1917 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1919-The Progressive Education Association is established to promote the ideas of John Dewey and other educational reformers, “Progressive School Movement” <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Bauhaus School opens in Germany (Walter Gropius, Weimer, Dessan, Albers, Moholy-Ng, Klee, Kandinsky <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1920-Art Appreciation is taught in schools via the Picture Studies movement <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Creative expression and child-centered art education movements are in full swing because of John Dewey and other reformers <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1921-A. S. Neil’s Summerhill School in England inspires the Free School movements worldwide and Democratic Education models used heavily today <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1922-Felix Weil organizes a week-long symposium that becomes the Frankfurt School, which is born out of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1923-György Lukács publishes History and Class Consciousness <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1925-Albert Barnes publishes Negro Art and America in the Survey Graphic of Harlem <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Franz Fanon publishes Wretched of the Earth thus starting what later became Postcolonial Theory <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1927-Charles & Mary Beard publishes The Rise of American Civilization <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (1929-1943) The Wall Street Crash of 1929 (October) Depression Era begins <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(1929-35) Marxist Antonio Gramsci writes the Prison Notebooks <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), NYC, opens <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Alfred N. Whitehead publishes Aims of Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -William G. Whitford publishes An Introduction to Art Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1932-Mies van der Rohe becomes Director of the College of Architecture, Planning and Design at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Myles Horton founds the Highlander Folk School, Tennessee <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (1933-1938) Owatonna Project was started in Owatonna, Minnesota. This was an educational project conducted in a small town in the Midwest to gauge the importance of art in general education. Findings published in 1944 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (1933-1957) Black Mountain College (People: Josef and Anni Albers, Eric Bentley, Josef Breitenbach, Alfred Kazin, John Cage, Harry Callahan, Robert Creeley, Merce Cunningham, Max Dehn, Willem and Elaine de Kooning, Robert Duncan, Buckminster Fuller, Walter Gropius, Lou Harrison, Franz Kline, Jacob Lawrence, Richard Lippold, Charles Olson, M. C. Richards, Albert William Levi, Xanti Schawinsky, Ben Shahn, Aaron Siskind, Theodoros Stamos, Jack Tworkov, Robert Motherwell, and William R. Wunsch) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Professor Franz Cizek’s ideas about the nature of children and art education become widespread through his Exhibition of Children’s Art in London in 1934, and 1935 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (1934-1939) Work Progress Administration (WPA) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1934-Herbert Read publishes Art Now <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Federal Art Project (FAP) was incorporated into the Works Progress Administration (WPA) of the New Deal plan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -John Dewey Publishes Art as Experience <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Creative self-expression moves to a focus on community and everyday life in Art Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1935-Walter Benjamin publishes The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1939-Irwin Edman publishes Arts and Man <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Viktor Lowenfeld publishes The Nature of Creative Activity <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1940-Scientific Rationalism (academic disciplines movement or discipline oriented movement) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1943- Herbert Read publishes Education Through Art <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Victor D’Amico publishes Visual Arts in General Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1941-Falkner, Ziegfeld, & Hill publish Art Today <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -National Society for the Study of Education (NSSE) Yearbook, Art in American Life and Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1943-Herbert Read publishes Education Through Art <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1945-Herbert Read publishes Art & Society <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1944-Gyorgy Kepes publishes The Language of Vision <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1947-The National Art Education Association (NAEA) was founded fron the merger of the Western, Pacific, Southeastern, and Eastern Region Art Associations, plus the art department of the National Education Association (NEA) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Art Therapy is pioneered <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Henri Lefebvre publishes The Critique of Everyday Life <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1949-Herbert Read publishes Education for Peace <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Leon Winslow publishes The Integrated School Art Program <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (1950s- Jerome Hausman, George Segal, and Allen Kaprow become friends and practicing art educators the New York / New Jersey area, Pratt Institute, NYU, Rutgers University) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1952-Viktor Lowenfeld publishes Creative and Mental Growth <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1952-General Education in School and College: A Committee Report <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1953-Edwin Ziegfeld publishes Education and Art via United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Conference on Creativity at Ohio State University, organized by Manual Barkin <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1954-Brown vs. the Board of Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1955- The College Board begins Advanced Placement (AP) programs <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (1957-1972) Situationist International is formed by Guy Debord (will later impact art education, postmodernity, and collectivism) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Ad Reinhardt writes Twelve Rules for a New Academy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1959-Jerome Hausman becomes editor of Studies in Art Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1960-National Art Education Association (NAEA) Commission on Art Education, Jerome Hausman, Chairman <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1964-Civil Rights Act of 1964 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Rudolf Arnheim publishes Art and Visual Perception <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1966-Seminar in Art Education for Research and Curriculum Development, Penn State, Edward Matill <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Federation for Independent Schools Association (FISA) forms starting the Alternative Schools Movement <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Michael Foucault publishes The Order of Things: An Archeology of Human Sciences (his writings on power and knowledge impact all education) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (1967-1968) Regional Education Laboratories, Central Atlantic Regional Lab., Southwest Regional Lab., Central Midwestern Lab and the Aesthetic Education Project follows <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1968- International Baccalaureate Organization creates (IB) programs, Switzerland <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Black Panther Party creates Survival Programs that focus on re-education in order for African Americans to acquire their own historic narratives <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*Rethinking Schools and education reforms are popular in conservative circles as well as liberal progressive circles, each group has their own vision <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1969-Albany Free School, Mary Leue <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Rudolf Arnheim publishes Visual Thinking <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Do It Yourself (DIY) is influencing art genres <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1970-John Holt coins the term Unschooling <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Cape Town Schools and Prison education gets well-known <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Paulo Freire publishes Pedagogy of The Oppressed <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Art educators take up Critical Pedagogy and Social Justice causes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1971-Ivan Illich publishes Deschooling Society <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1972-Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari publish Anti-Oedipus (vol. 1 or 2 for Capitalism and Schizophrenia series) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -John Berger publishes Ways of Seeing (one of the first texts on what will later be visual culture) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1973-Guy Debord publishes Society or the Spectacle <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Kenneth Beittel publishes Alternatives for Art Education Research: Inquiry Into the Making of Art <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(1975-1988) Joseph Beuys creates Free International University (FIU), Germany <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1977-Coming to Our Senses, The Significance of the Arts for American Education, Panel Report <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -The Arts, Education, and Americans Panel, J.D. Rockefeller Jr. Chairman <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1981-J. Paul Getty Foundation starts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Jean Baudrillard publishes Simulacra and Simulation <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> *Discipline Based Art Education (DBAE) is popularized by Elliot Eisner <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Art Museum Education becomes a mainstay in the field of Art Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Multiculturalism and cultural pluralism become areas of focus through today <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Democratic Education becomes popular again and remains very important for educating in contemporary democracies. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1983-The report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk, calls for sweeping reforms in public education and teacher training <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1984-Frederick Jameson publishes Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late-Capitalism <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Pierre Bourdieu publishes Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1990-1990-Teach for America is formed, reestablishing the idea of a National Teachers Corps. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1991-Minnesota passes the first charter school law <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1992 *Do It Yourself (DIY) ethos and stratagem pervades art genres and education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1993-Jacqueline and Martin Brooks publish In Search of Understanding: The Case for Constructivist Classrooms <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -The Massachusetts Education Reform Act requires a common curriculum and statewide tests (Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1996-The Oakland, California School District proposes that Ebonics be recognized as the native language of African American children <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1999-World Trade Organization (WTO) protests in Seattle spark massive anti-capital and anti-globalization movements in art and education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 2000-Diane Ravitch's book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*Visual artists turn to ethnography, anthropological investigations, and pedagogy as artistic strategies <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> September 11, 2001, US Bombs Afghanistan beginning a War On Terror <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 2001-No Child Left Behind Act (more standards, more accountability, less art education) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*Assessments, evaluations, learning goals and other forms of knowledge measurements are made vital to education and teaching conservative politics run the show <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-John Taylor Gatto publishes Against School <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> *Teaching for Artistic Behavior or Choice-Based Art Education is made popular <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Social Issues-Based Art Education is also becoming important, Postmodern approaches to Art Education through Visual and Popular Culture Studies, Critical Pedagogy, Collectivity, and Community-Based Art Education emerge as dominants in the field but do little in changing the teaching of art in classrooms <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2002-Yvonne Guadelius & Peg Speirs write Contemporary Issues in Art Education, which outlines recent histories and movements in Art Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Visual Culture makes its way into Art Education via Art History circles and higher education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 2003- Kerry Freedman publishes Teaching Visual Culture: Curriculum, Aesthetics, and the Social Life of Art <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Utopian revival in art and education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2005- Graeme Sullivan publishes Art Practice as Research: Inquiry in the Visual Arts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-You Tube is created and everyone becomes an artist / documentary filmmaker <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 2007-Night School opens at New Museum in NYC, as a temporary art school in the museum <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Lois Hetland, Ellen Winner, Shirley Veenema, and Kimberly Sheridan publish Studio Thinking: The Real benefits of Arts Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*Community Arts and Social Activism become mainstream art education practices <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Diagrams and map-making along with arts research and new media are explored heavily and continue today. Artists also seek social interactions for art projects; education and art are popular art world tactics. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2008-Economy collapses due to inflated housing markets and credit default swaps <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Charles Garoian & Yvonne Guadilius publish Spectacle Pedagogy: Art, Politics, and Visual Culture <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Rachael Mason & Teresa Eca publish International Dialogues about Visual Culture, Education and Art <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Olafur Eliasson creates INSTITUT FÜR RAUMEXPERIMENTE, Berlin <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 2009-Art teaching jobs are cut nationwide due to state budget cuts stemming from economic collapse <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Bill Ayers, Therese Quinn, and David Stovall publish a Handbook of Social Justice in Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Steven Henry Madoff publishes Art School: Propositions for the 21st Century <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Dipti Desai publishes The Ethnographic Move in Contemporary Art: What Does It Mean for Art Education? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 2010-Journal for Artistic Research (JAR) is published in Europe <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-F. Robert Sabol publishes No Child Left Behind: A Study of Its Impact on Art Education <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*Participation, collectivity, collaboration, the word democracy, free school revivals, art & pedagogy, exploring the art studio, and re-thinking museum and gallery structures are important as is multiculturalism and multiple perspectives.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conclusion: The new millennium has used the trends of the past along with cultural, political, technological, and economic events to shape contemporary art education. These years are marked by confusion in conservative, liberal, progressive politics as well as art world(s), art markets, and the contradictions of postmodernity. As practicing art educators, we see no easy way in comprehending considered distinctions between life, art, politics, economics, capital, consumerism, labor, popular culture, and radical new technologies that alter communication. Today popular forms of art education use combinations of multiculturalism/pluralism, constructivism, DBAE, critical pedagogy, anti-globalization studies, visual culture, arts research, anti-capitalism, community arts, social justice, environmental activism, mapping/diagrams, and food activism for the purposes of engaging students of art. Methodologies in education and art guide practices toward a more meaningful art education. Everything is being tried and practiced all at once by many different people, some out-dated, some innovative. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> References: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> http://visualarteducation.wikispaces.com/ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> http://www.personal.psu.edu/mas53/timelint.html <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Jerome Hausman <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Efland, A (1990). A History of Art Education: New York. Teachers College Press. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Foster, H., Krauss, R., Bois, Y.A., & Buchloh, H.D. (2004). Art Since 1900: Modernism, Antimodernism, and Postmodernism. New York: Thames & Hudson, Inc. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.wikipedia.org/ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*asterisks represent areas of generalization of discursive movements and shifts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(Some references were paraphrased, lifted, and directly implemented in the making of this time line.)